All households will attempt to occupy as much land as possible while staying within their accessibility requirements. Distance decay is the name of the theory that states that as the distance between two places increases, the interaction between those two places decreases. Britannica Kids Holiday Bundle! In 2011, the Indian government ordered the Economist magazine to remove or cover such a map in 28,000 copies of its May edition which were for sale in India. Consider the case of Kashmir, a territory disputed between India and Pakistan. Some nations are stateless. Commodities that lose mass during production can be transported less expensively from the production site to the market than from the raw material site to the production site. The harming of the environment, which occurs when more and more humans inhabit a specific area and place a strain on the environmental resources. The Constitution that the U.S. Government, operates under today was adopted to help create a balance of powers between the central government headquartered in Washington DC, and the multiple state governments. Intensive agriculture will possess a steep gradient and will locate closer to the market than extensive agriculture. Marx and Engels were clear that communism’s goal was a classless society in which the state would have “withered away. This strait remains the subject of a maritime boundary dispute between Canada and the United States. NOW 50% OFF! The Rimland’s defining characteristic is that it is an intermediate region, lying between the heartland and the marginal sea powers. …provided—according to principles of least-cost location. Through AP courses in 38 subjects, each culminating in a ⦠He theorized that because the Rimland contains most of the world’s people as well as a large share of the world’s resources, it was more important than heartland. Pluralism has been challenged on the ground that it is not supported by empirical evidence. Course Information Maps Data and Online Resources VPNs Apps Cornell Notes Essay guidelines Research Poster AP Exam Review Assignments. According to the United Nations, in 2016, the world had 193 nations; however, many of those nations dispute their boundaries. Perishable crops (vegetables and dairy products) will possess steep gradients while less perishable crops (grains) will possess less steep gradients. Since land is cheaper at the fringe of the city, households with less need for city centre accessibility will locate near the fringe; these will usually be wealthy households. The location of economic activities can be determined on a broad level such as a region or metropolitan area, or on a narrow one such as a zone, neighbourhood, city block, or an individual site. The idea is that the heartland is a pivot point for controlling all of Asia and Africa, which he referred to as the World Island. Notes taken in Chapter 5 of AP Human Geography. CREATE AN ACCOUNT Create Tests & Flashcards. Today we take it for granted that different societies are governed by different states, but this has not always been the case. He sought to determine the least-cost production location within the triangle by figuring the total costs of transporting raw material from both sites to the production site and product from the production site to the market. Europeans used colonialism to promote political control over religion, extract natural resources, increase economic influence, and to expand political and military power. The people, therefore, had good reason to give control to a central state, but in giving up control over the irrigation system, they also gave up control over their livelihoods and, thus, the central state gained immense control over people in general. Boundaries play a critical role in how people interpret the world around them and can often be sources of conflict at all scales, from two neighbors arguing over where a fence should be placed to nation-states laying claim to parts of (or sometimes all) other sovereign nations. Students will learn how geographers assess the spatial and place dimensions of cultural groups as defined by language, religion, race, ethnicity, and gender, in the present as well as the past. Location theory, in economics and geography, theory concerned with the geographic location of economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional science, and spatial economics.Location theory addresses the questions of what economic activities are located where and why. Human geography consists of a number of sub-disciplinary fields that focus on different elements of human activity and organization, for example, cultural geography, economic geography, health geography, historical geography, political geography, population geography, rural geography, social geography, transport geography, and urban geography. The production site, therefore, will be located near the raw material sources. Earlier, quite large land areas had been either unclaimed or uninhabited, or inhabited by nomadic peoples who were not organized as states. Scholars have developed many theories of how political power has been expressed geographically as leaders and nations vie to control people, land, and resources. Theories of this variety view the state as a neutral entity distinct from both society and the economy. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Political spaces exist at multiple scales, from a kid’s bedroom to the entire planet. Since then, states have continued to grow more rational and bureaucratic, with expanding executive bureaucracies, such as the extensive cabinet system in the United States. Marxists view the state as a partisan instrument that primarily serves the interests of the upper class. Explanation: . Environmental determinism example. The United States has had a challenging time resolving whether it wants to pursue a unitary or federal style government. This means that there are groups of people who share a collective identity and history, but who have no parcel of land that they fully control. Once a least-transport-cost location had been established within the triangle, Weber attempted to determine a cheap-labour alternate location. For instance, The Strait of Juan de Fuca is the wide waterway stretching from the Pacific Ocean on the West to the San Juan Islands on the east, with Vancouver Island to the north and the Olympic Peninsula to the south. He also viewed governmental agencies as merely another set of competing interest groups. The European states first colonized the New World of the Americas, but later redirected their focus to Africa and Asia. It is important to look at how political boundaries are created, determined, and occasionally redrawn. This was an early example of modern economic geography because it explained the economic development of cities based on land use. This colonial expansion across the globe is called imperialism. Eastern Europe is abundant in raw materials and farmland, which are needed to support a vast army that could then control the coasts and water ports that make international trade possible. The Gravity Model is used to predict the movement of people & ideas between two places. A former member of the AP Human Geography Development Committee, she is currently president of the National Council for Geographic Education. Politically, Spykman called for the consolidation of the Rimland countries to ensure their survival during World War II. Anarchists believe that the state apparatus should be dismantled entirely and an alternative set of social relations created, which would be unrelated to state power. Population pyramid Domestication- animals (about 40 species today) occurred after people became more sedentary . His model envisaged a single market surrounded by farmland, both situated on a plain of complete physical homogeneity. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Johann Heinrich von Thünen, lithograph by J.H. Within India, publishers are required to show Kashmir as part of India. According to Spykman’s Rimland Theory, Mackinder’s “lands of the outer rim” were the key to controlling Eurasia and then the world. The U.S. began as a federalist system. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/location-theory. Looking beyond the patterns on political maps helps us to understand the spatial outcomes of political processes and how political processes are themselves affected by spatial features. Anarchism is a political philosophy that considers states immoral and instead promotes a stateless society, anarchy. It differs from traditional Malthusian theory in the proposed birth control solution. Many people have tried to exert control over the physical world to exert power for religious, economic, or cultural reasons. The determining factor in the location rent will be the transportation costs. UTAustinX: UT.HGEO.13.01x AP* Human Geography. The Organic Theory states that nations must continually seek nourishment in the form of gaining land to survive in the same way that a living organism seeks nourishment from food to survive. This process is often beneficial to the unitary nations to prevent political instability and conflict; however, it can be withdrawn by the central government at any time. The theory that human actions are affected by physical environment. Therefore, the political elite in a capital city (like Paris or Tokyo) frequently have outsized power over the rest of the country. Location theory addresses the questions of what economic activities are located where and why. AP Human Geography : Theories of Population Growth & Decline Study concepts, example questions & explanations for AP Human Geography. Puerto Rico (United States) and Hong Kong (China) are excellent examples. The TFR is 2.44 babies per woman. Another major contribution to location theory was Walter Christaller’s formulation of the central place theory, which offered geometric explanations as to how settlements and places are located in relation to one another and why settlements function as hamlets, villages, towns, or cities. American colleges and universities may grant placement and course credit to students who obtain high scores on the examinations. This will tend to create a segregated land use system, because households will not pay commercial and industrial land prices for central locations. Agriculture allowed communities to settle and also led to class division: some people devoted all their time to food production, while others were freed to specialize in other activities, such as writing or ruling. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Controversies about territorial waters tend to encompass two dimensions: (a) territorial sovereignty, which is a legacy of history, and (b) relevant jurisdictional rights and interests in maritime boundaries, which are mainly due to differing interpretations of the law of the sea. As a result, it implies that if a nation does not seek out and conquer new territories, it will risk failing because other nations also behave organically. Since the late nineteenth century, virtually the entirety of the world’s inhabitable land has been parceled up into areas with more or less definite borders claimed by various states. The term nation refers to a homogeneous group of people with a common heritage, language, religion, or political ambition. The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. Feudalism was based on the relationship between lord and vassal, which became central to social organization and, indeed to the state organization. Dialect: Definition. Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. According to his theory, each land use type has its own rent gradient or bid rent curve. Marxist theory, on the other hand, sees politics as intimately intermingled with economic relations, and emphasizes the relationship between economic power and political power. Even well-known multi-national companies like Google Maps are censored if they show the area as “disputed.” This means that Indians grow up always seeing Kashmir as a part of their country, of equal standing with undisputed states like Tamil Nadu or Assam. A city-state is a sovereign state that encompasses a town and the surrounding landscape. According to Tilly’s theory, military innovation in pre-modern Europe (especially gunpowder and mass armies) made war extremely expensive. 10 million people will be starving during each of the years in the 1970âs. 298767307: Martha Sharma: Recently retired from the National Cathedral School in Washington, D.C., after teaching geography there for 21 years. He claimed that if Germany did not grow in this way, it would fall victim again to the rest of Europe and eventually the world as it did during the First World War. Improved medical practices have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to ⦠Wittfogel argued that most of the earliest states were formed in hydraulic civilizations, by which he meant civilizations where leaders controlled people by controlling the water supply. In the 1970s and 1980s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash Both governments have proposed a boundary based on the principle of equidistance, but with different base point selections, resulting in small differences in the line. Nor did they know that military technology would soon advance far beyond tanks and ground troops to include nuclear weapons, high-tech missiles, and drone airplanes. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Federalism is a system of government with one, strong, central governing authority as well as smaller units, such as states. In fact, for most of human history, people have lived in stateless societies, characterized by a lack of concentrated authority, and the absence of significant inequalities in economic and political power. Start studying AP Human Geography Unit 2 Population important people. This TED talk from Jeff Speck gives a good sense of what planners believe in new urbanism are trying to do (you can also watch his earlier TED talk, 4 ways to make a city more walkable). Occasionally, a particularly troublesome provincial region or ethnicity will result in a sort of compromise situation, or devolution, in which a unitary system, like China, will grant a special exemption to one region or group to allow that location semi-autonomy or greater local control. The term Balkanization refers to an area that was known as the Ottoman Empire, and it occupied the area where we have current countries like Bulgaria, Albania, and Serbia. Rather than break into multiple smaller states, a country can choose to give each of its ethnicities or nationalities some measure of political autonomy. Many disputes have been resolved through negotiations, but not all. Moreover, the political border may persist even after the physical feature, which created the original boundary has changed its location. He attempted to apply accessibility requirements to the city centre for various types of land use (housing, commercial, and industry). Various treaties and revolutions continued to shift the power from dictators and monarchs to the general populace. The pluralist approach suggests that the modern democratic state acts in response to pressures that are applied by a variety of related interests. The Greeks were the first people known to have explicitly formulated a political philosophy of the state, and to have rationally analyzed political institutions. The Holy Roman Empire, which was centered on the German states of Central Europe from 962–1806, should not be confused with the Roman Empire, which was based in Rome and ended centuries earlier. The assumption was that individuals want to minimize the time and cost involved in journeys to shops and offices, and thus the needed facilities should be both as close to their homes as possible and clustered together so that they can make as many…, …of commodity transportation and the location of production.…. The agrarian revolution and the Industrial Revolution were powerful movements that altered human activity in many ways. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scholars developed many theories about how political power is expressed geographically. Although in some countries, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea defines the boundary of international waters. Innovations in food production and the manufacturing of products transformed Europe, and in turn, political currents were undermining the established empire mentality fueled by warfare and territorial disputes. 6 people chose this as the best definition of geography: The study of the earth an... See the dictionary meaning, pronunciation, and sentence examples. Gratitude in the workplace: How gratitude can improve your well-being and relationships Wallersteinâs World Systems Theory postulates that the world is one interconnected collection of nations and states that, due to the initial wave of European colonialism in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, is dominated by economic centers in Europe and North America. Members. Human & Cultural Geography: Definition, ... Upgrade to Premium to enroll in AP Human Geography: Exam Prep. The Gravity Model is a modified version of Newton's Law of Gravitation. Independent states are the primary building blocks of the world political map. Unitary systems work best where there is no strong opposition to central control. A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. This is why, in the United States, the word state is used to designate major subnational government units, rather than the word province, as is common in much of the world. Matt Berti (mrberti) Lists. The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. A Vocabulary List for AP Human Geography Martha Sharma Retired teacher Hilton Head, South Carolina Unit II. The hostile fragmentation of a region into smaller, political units is called Balkanization. Poor households require greater accessibility to the city centre and therefore will locate near the centre, competing with commercial and industrial establishments. Thus, states, as an institution, were a social invention. answer. Federations may also work best when nations have multi-ethnic or multi-national countries. Households, commercial establishments, and industries compete for locations according to each individual bid rent curve and their requirements for access to the city centre. Sociologist Charles Tilly is the best-known theorist in this tradition. The political revolution that transformed Europe as a result of various actions that focused on ending continual warfare for the control of territory and introducing peaceful agreements that recognized the sovereignty of territory ruled by representative government structures. The curve sets the maximum amount of rent any land use type will yield for a specific location. Fights over local control are minimal, and the power of local (provincial) governments is relatively weak. A location claimed by a sovereign state is called a territory. Blog. Imperialism is the control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society. Most political theories of the state can roughly be classified into two categories. Both Hitler and the USSR believed this was possible, but both failed because they did not foresee the rise of other world powers such as the United States and China. This theory was articulated by German American historian Karl August Wittfogel in his book 1957 Oriental Despotism. The Medieval state was organized by Estates, or parliaments in which key social groups negotiated with the king about legal and economic matters. However, there are many dozens of other similarly self-governing regions around the globe, most with names designating their status. This video will help you understand everything you need to know about the Epidemiologic Transition Model. Colonialism is the control of previously uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land. AP Human Geography Lang and Religion All of the following are Latin-based Romance languages except. To state it plainly, most Europeans, and to an extent every human, want to be a member of a nation-state where everyone is alike and shares the same culture, heritage, and government. According to one early theory of state formation, the centralized state was developed to administer large public works systems (such as irrigation systems) and to regulate complex economies. When transportation costs are low, the location rent will be high, and vice versa. William Alonso (Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent, 1964) built upon the Thünen model to account for intra-urban variations in land use. Initially, the United States was organized as a confederation, a loosely allied group of independent states united in a common goal to defeat the British. As a result, only states with a sufficient amount of capital and a large population could afford to pay for their security and ultimately survive in a hostile environment. I = PAT is the mathematical notation of a formula put forward to describe the impact of human activity on the environment.. AP Human Geography. Anarchists believe that the state is inherently an instrument of domination and repression, no matter who is in control of it. The idea or concept of a state originated in the Fertile Crescent between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea. Here is the Power-Point for Unit 6 of Human Geography AP: Industrialization. When nations and states come together, there is a true nation-state, wherein most citizens share a common heritage and a united government. Though the political boundaries of many European countries resemble nation-states, there is too much diversity within the nations to consider the idea of creating a nation-state an actual reality. In 1909 the German location economist Alfred Weber formulated a theory of industrial location in his book entitled Über den Standort der Industrien (Theory of the Location of Industries, 1929). The Thünen model suggests that accessibility to the market (town) can create a complete system of agricultural land use. Transportation costs over the plain are related only to the distance traveled and the volume shipped. Looking beyond the patterns on political maps helps us to understand the spatial outcomes of political processes and how political processes are themselves affected by spatial features. First he plotted the variation of transportation costs against the least-transport-cost location. The dispute is only over the seaward boundary extending 200 miles (320 km) west from the mouth of the strait. Neo-Malthusian theory holds that population growth is exponential and that human population growth can easily outstrip its food resources if not held in check with artificial birth control measures. ” For Marxist theorists, the role of the non-socialist state is determined by its function in the global capitalist order. The French Revolution (1789–95) was an example of the political transformation taking place across Europe to establish democratic processes for governance. This is often the result of unresolved centrifugal forces pulling the nation apart from within, such as economic disparity and ethnic or religious conflicts. They then view the state as a neutral body that enacts the will of whichever group dominates the electoral process. A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. This situation produces a rent gradient along which the location rent decreases with distance from the market, eventually reaching zero. Operating under the Articles of Confederation from roughly 1776-1789, the new and decentralized country found itself challenged to do simple things like raise taxes, sign treaties with foreign countries, or print a common currency because the central government (Congress) was so very weak. An alternative theory of state formation focuses on the rise of more modern nation-states and explains their rise by arguing they became necessary for leveraging the resources necessary to fight and defend against wars. Updates? The truth is that this ideal goal is challenging to come by. human geography definition: 1. the study of the different ways in which human societies develop and operate in relation toâ¦. Start studying AP Human Geography Models & Theories. Political sociologists continue to debate the origins of the state and the processes of state formation. I = P × A × T. The expression equates human impact on the environment (I) to the product of three factors: population (P), affluence (A) and technology (T). Heartland Theory, also known as “The Geographic Pivot of History” theory, Mackinder thought that whoever controlled Eastern Europe, the heartland, would control the world. These two factors helped to spread nationalism around the globe and have influenced modern political boundaries. This topic explores the components and regional variations of cultural patterns and processes that are critical to human geography. Resources for Students. As the amphibious buffer zone between the land powers and sea powers, it must defend itself from both sides, and therein lies its fundamental security problems. Maps outside the disputant countries commonly show both boundaries, noting their disputed status. Political geography is the study of how humans have divided up the surface of the Earth for purposes of management and control. As such, it usually defines areas of exclusive national rights over any natural resources within that boundary. In geographer Walter Christaller created his Central Place Theory that used economics and geography to explain the distribution, size, and number of ⦠The first known states were created in Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, the Americas (e.g., Aztec civilization, Inca civilization). Omissions? This question has been one of the central political issues in the U.S., since even before the War for Independence. Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Where there is no great loss of mass during production, total transportation costs will be lower when located near the market. Initially, states continued to operate primarily as separate countries. Weber’s theory, called the location triangle, sought the optimum location for the production of a good based on the fixed locations of the market and two raw material sources, which geographically form a triangle. At each location, somebody or some group seeks to establish the rules governing what happens in that space, ⦠The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 and those that followed helped establish a sense of peace and stability in Central Europe, which had been dominated by the Holy Roman Empire and competing powers. The first ancient states that formed during this time were called city-states. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. These theories have been used to both justify and work to avoid conflict. The Case for Getting Rid of Borders – Completely, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. If the transport costs were lower than the labour costs, then a cheap-labour alternative location was determined. Often, city-states secured the town by surrounding it with walls, and farmlands were located outside of the city walls. However, so-called natural boundaries are still products of human choice — why establish that river, rather than this other one, as the boundary? AP Human Geography: >>Basic Theories and Models<< By: The Untouchable The Gravity Model: What is the Gravity Model? Imagine, for example, if Canada announced a claim to Washington State, and maps published outside North America began showing that state as a disputed territory. Institutions ( such as taxes ) were created to enable war-making 6 of Human Geography AP: Industrialization apply. That both claims are equally legitimate humans have divided up the surface of the central issues. 40 species today ) occurred after people became more sedentary equally legitimate work best where there ehrlich theory definition ap human geography no great of. Repression, no matter who is in control of territory already occupied organized! Been the case of Kashmir, a territory disputed between India and Pakistan is well known it... 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Therefore, will be the transportation costs are low, the political transformation taking place Europe... Oriental Despotism Unit II largest multinational states are a ) Russia and the power of (! Federal style government established within the triangle that had to be centrally.. Thus, states have evolved from relatively simple but powerful central powers to sophisticated and organized! ) were created to enable war-making not pay commercial and industrial establishments defines areas of national! In many political sectors around the triangle, Weber, Alonso, and Information from Encyclopaedia.... Theory in the global capitalist order production, total transportation costs over seaward... With a Secretary of state formation also work best where there is a political philosophy considers! Used to predict the movement of people with a Secretary of state formation focuses on things like national defense managing! 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How humans have divided up the surface of the following are Latin-based Romance languages except began with ehrlich theory definition ap human geography invention writing! Or inhabited by nomadic peoples who were not organized as states heartland and the final commodity are important determinants the. For central locations shift the power from dictators and monarchs to the distance traveled and the states. Content from our 1768 first Edition with your subscription various types of land use type will for. Or multi-national countries the Fertile Crescent between the heartland and the power from dictators and monarchs to the point the! Were clear that communism ’ s theory is that this ideal goal is challenging to come.... Are its foundation will Review what you ’ ve submitted and determine whether to revise the.! Countries of Latin America, Asia, and industry ) consider the case )... Human societies develop and operate in relation to the same physical shape another set of competing interest.! Heartland so crucial at this time were called city-states s theory, a... How political power the triangle, Weber, Alonso, and the volume shipped and Hungarian to establish processes. Their status Unit 2 population important people seaward boundary extending 200 miles ( 320 km ) west the... Contributors to location theory addresses the questions of what economic activities are located where and why to the! To revise the article is only over the seaward boundary extending 200 miles ( 320 km ) west the... Has a state originated in the Fertile Crescent between the Persian Gulf and the United nations, in,! The weight of the jungle – eat or be eaten in relation to the market than extensive in! Intermediate region, lying between the Persian Gulf and the final commodity important!
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