an understanding of this facet of our history. African architecture, the architecture of Africa, particularly of sub-Saharan Africa. Raising the country's infrastructure endowment to that of the region's middle-income countries could boost annual growth by around 4 percentage points. In 2014 the monthly magazine “Civil Engineering” (published by the South African Institute of Civil Engineers) ran a series of articles entitled “A brief history of transport infrastructure in South Africa up to the end of the 20th century” (comprising ten chapters issued from January/February to November 2014), which gave an interesting account of the history of our roads, In North Africa, where Islam and Christianity had a significant influence, architecture predominates among the visual arts. South Africa has a relatively good core network of national economic infrastructure. Most of the contribution came from increases in stocks (89 basis points), versus quality improvements (10 basis points). Foreign investment, however, is helping fill in some of the gaps. Across Africa, infrastructure contributed 99 basis points to per capita economic growth, versus 68 points for other structural policies. and, in particular, investment in infrastructure have important roles to play in the development of continental trade and in promoting economic linkages within Africa. Like other aspects of the culture of Africa, the architecture of Africa is exceptionally diverse. Among its African peers, Nigeria has relatively advanced power, road, rail, and ICT networks that cover the national territory quite extensively. Major efforts are being applied to road infrastructure development in Africa. Road construction in Africa development is a challenge that resonates in all African countries. The challenge is to maintain and expand its electricity, water, transport and communications infrastructure in order to support economic growth and social development goals. Africa's poor infrastructure is slowing its economic development, says a recent UN report. Throughout the history of Africa, Africans have developed their own local architectural traditions. The Bank recognises that poor infrastructure is a critical barrier to accelerating growth and poverty reduction in Africa. However, all is not doom and gloom. his series of around nine or ten chapters (to be Park’s dissertation examines the history of such large-scale infrastructure projects in East Africa, and she brings to The New School an integrative and interdisciplinary perspective on the region. There is some concern that the state does not have the institutional or financial capability to implement the investment… On average, Africa’s road connectivity has grown by 7,500km a year over the past decade. Included here are the magnificent mosques built of mud in Djenné and Mopti in Mali, the A brief history of transport infrastructure in South Africa up to the end of the 20th century. Botswana has one of the highest rates of cell phone use on the continent and landline services are provided by the Botswana Telecommunications Corporation. History of Water and Sanitation in South Africa South Africa is a country that continuously struggles to provide basic water and sanitation services to its citizens. At the turn of the 19th century, sub-Saharan Africa was the least urbanised region in the world, with only about 50 cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants. By 2010, the number of cities had increased to almost 3,000. Botswana is located directly north of South Africa, which has allowed the country to follow and access South Africa’s telecommunication infrastructure. 36 January/February 2014 Civil Engineering 20th century. 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