A) A plant load factor is a measure of average capacity utilization. Availability is the first of the three OEE factors to be calculated. Nuclear power plants are at the high end of the range of capacity factors, ideally reduced only by the availability factor, i.e. By convention, such zero production periods are counted against the capacity factor but not against the availability factor, which thus remains defined as depending on an active, controlled supply of fuel, along with factors concerning reliability and maintenance. maintenance and refueling.The largest nuclear plant in the US, Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station has between its three reactors a nameplate capacity of 3,942 MW. A ratio of kWh generated to the product of plant capacity and the number of hours for which the plant is in operation. μ cf = (100) P al / P rl (3) where. Capacity Factor. The objective of this post is to bring clarity in understanding the two often confused terms viz, Availability and Reliability, by explaining in simple perspective for the purpose of understanding by a common maintenance man.. Let’s try to understand through this picture. Gas turbines have relatively high availability factors, ranging from 80% to 99%. Modern turbines have an availability of more than 98%-higher than most other types of power plant. ... the key factor in determining the plant’s performance. The availability factor of a power plant is the amount of time that it is able to produce electricity over a certain period, divided by the amount of the time in the period. PAF is observed to be in the range of 92.44 % to 95.69 %. Plant load is a factor in every energy plant. The determining factor is a chosen indicator, such as a squealing belt on belt-driven equipment. The electric utility industry initiated GADS in 1982 to expand data collection activities that it began in 1963. he production capacity of a chemical plant is a fundamental measure of its economic potential, and an integral factor in the assessment of a chemical plant’s value. Today, NERC’s GADS maintains operating histories on … Gas turbines are commonly used for peaking power plants, co-generation plants and the first stage of combined cycle plants. Thus mathematically it can be written as, PLF = Pavg / Pmax……………. Originally the term availability factor was used only for power plants that depended on an active, controlled supply of fuel, typically fossil or later also nuclear. The availability factor of a power plant is the percentage of the time that it is available to provide energy to the grid. nature, grid operator or lack of fuel have been deducted, given that 100% is the maximum availability. The capacity factor for a given period can never exceed the availability factor for the same period. The emergence of renewable energy such as hydro, wind and solar power, which operate without an active, controlled supply of fuel and which come to a standstill when their natural supply of energy ceases, requires a more careful distinction between the availability factor and the capacity factor. Instantaneous (or Point) Availability 2. The same solar PV plant will not generate as much power in December as it generates in July, even if it is available. Looking at the information in Table 15.2, we determine that the NPSH margin ratio at this pump location is 2.3 (80/35).This amounts to a reliability factor of only about 0.23 (red line (gray in print version) on Fig. 15.5). Capacity factor is mostly used in generation studies. The capacity factor for a power plant is the ratio between average load and rated load for a period of time and can be expressed as. (Refer to Equation 7.) The capacity factor for a given period can never exceed the availability factor for the same period. It accounts for when the process is not running (both Unplanned Stops and Planned Stops). Availability (62.5%) x Performance (66.7%) x Quality (75%) = 31.25% Time equals money OEE is purely time based (time converted), but since 1 takt time equals 1 bottle, OEE can be … The fact that “remote monitoring” has facilitated rapid data acquisition The availability factor should not be confused with the capacity factor. The availability of a plant is mostly a factor of its reliability and of the periodic maintenance it requires. The capacity factor mainly depends on the type of the fuel used in the circuit. For example, if XYZ Power Plant has a nameplate capacity of 500 megawatts, it means the plant is capable of producing 500 megawatts operating at continuous full power. In 2010 its annual generation was 31,200,000 MWh, leading to a capacity factor of: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. A wind turbine cannot operate in wind speeds above a certain limit, which counts against its availability factor. What is the plant capacity factor? The classification of availability is somewhat flexible and is largely based on the types of downtimes used in the computation and on the relationship with time (i.e., the span of time to which the availability refers). Power-Plant Reliability, Availability, Maintainability. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Change ). Availability is defined as “a percentage measure of the degree to which machinery and equipment is in an operable and committable state at the point in time when it is needed.” This definition includes operable and committable factors that are contributed to ... plant’s hard design. In the same way, in the middle of the night, an available solar photovoltaic plant will not generate any output. Determining the performance of a power plant can be a complex topic to understand, given the various factors such as availability of fuel/water, installed capacity, the age of the unit, planned outage etc, at play. Although capacity is a central concept in production planning and scheduling, operations manage-ment and … But during the financial year 2013–2014, PAF value is seen to be slightly higher than previous financial year. A proper maintenance and reliability program can be the difference between whether or not, say, a hospital stays open during a crisis. Steady State Availability 4. ( Log Out / Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Photovoltaic power stations which have few or no moving parts and which can undergo planned inspections and maintenance during night have an availability factor approaching or equal to 100% when the sun is shining. In the case of solar power plants, the plant load factor is at an average of 75%. Equivalent Demand Forced Outage Rate The portion of time a unit is in demand, but is unavailable It should be limited to at least 75% if you’re operating in Alaska on the longest day of the year, but even still it averages no more than 50%, not taking into account cloud cover and maintenance. (1) Newer types of power plants usually have higher availability factors than old power plants. Occasions where only partial capacity is available may or may not be deducted. Plant Load Factor (PLF) is the ratio of average power generated by the plant to the maximum power that could have been generated for a given time period. ( Log Out / Equivalent Availability Factor The fraction of a given operating period in which a generating unit is available without any outages or equipment deratings. Because a plant is available, it does not mean that it can generate all of its nameplate capacity. Everything else being equal, plants that are run less frequently have higher availability factors because they require less maintenance and because more inspections and maintenance can be scheduled during idle time. The availability factor of a power plant is the amount of time that it is able to produce electricity over a certain period, divided by the amount of the time in the period. OEE Factor; Schedule Loss: Not part of the OEE calculation (it is part of the TEEP calculation). The annual capacity factor is expressed as Formula: Run Time / Planned Production Time. ( Log Out / Average Uptime Availability (or Mean Availability) 3. The availability factor should not be confused with the capacity factor. It takes into account Equipment Failure (unplanned stops) and Setup and Adjustments (planned stops) from the Six Big Losses. The availability of a plant is mostly a factor of its reliability and of the periodic maintenance it requires. Instead, the commonly tracked metric is the Capacity Factor, which can be measured externally. The ratio of sum of individual maximum demands to the maximum demand on power stations. Availability Loss: Availability is the ratio of Run Time to Planned Production Time. Summary of … Inherent Availability 5. Formula: Total Count − Reject Count. [1] With this definition, modern wind turbines which require very little maintenance, have very high availability factors, up to about 98%. Most thermal power stations, such as coal, geothermal and nuclear power plants, have availability factors between 70% and 90%. Example: 19,271 widgets − 423 widgets = 18,848 widgets. Availability is the resulting number after all outages and restrictions due to both planned and unplanned events, including outside events caused by e.g. The performance of a PV power plant is often denominated by a metric called the capacity utilisation factor. b. The capacity factor is computed by dividing the total energy producing by the full load capacity of the plant. Generating Availability Data System (Electricity Industry), Std 762-2006 - IEEE Standard Definitions for Use in Reporting Electric Generating Unit Reliability, Availability, and Productivity, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Availability_factor&oldid=936261408, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Where they are deducted, the metric is titled equivalent availability factor (EAF). How does a solar pant provide power to the grid at a 98% availability factor when no area of the Earth is in even partial sunlight for 98% of a day? Newer plants tend to have significantly higher availability factors, but preventive maintenance is as important as improvements in design and technology. Where they are deducted, the metric is titled equivalent availability factor (EAF). In any power plant our aim is to have 100% availability of the plant but practically it is not possible since all equipment needs periodical maintenance by improving performance of power plant through Boiler tube leakage, plant load factor, power plant turbine, and coal-fired power plants etc. The availability of a power plant varies greatly depending on the type of fuel, the design of the plant and how the plant is operated. For instance, a hydroelectric plant may be available, but it may not be possible to release all the water needed for it to reach its rated output. This can be represented by the total number of hours the machinery can be used in a day or shift-- normally 8, 10 or 12 hours. Capacity utilisation factor is … Availability is a measure of the reliability of a wind turbine or other plant. The Noria, for instance, is an ancient pump thought to be the world’s first sophisticated machine. Establish the total available hours for the machine. It is the ratio of the actual output from a solar plant over the year to the maximum possible output from it for a year under ideal conditions. Most modern wind farm availability factors top 95%, while solar PV plants reach over 98%. The origins of the field of reliability engineering, at least the demand for it, can be traced back to the point at which man began to depend upon machines for his livelihood. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. This page was last edited on 17 January 2020, at 18:29. As the age of PV plant increases the availability factor of the plant is observed to be reduced. Calculate availability of machinery as one component of overall machinery productivity performance. by Bhagyashree Rath, Researcher - Environment and Climate Change. I am going to interpret your question as how to calculate the capacity factor, or average output, of a solar farm, both at the solar panel level and the grid connection level. Equivalent Availability Factor measures the effectiveness and overall reliability of energy production facilities operated by the company. This means 25% of the time, optimum operation is not utilized. Availability factor in a power plant is the amount of time that it is able to produce electricity over a certain period, divided by the amount of the time in the period. NHPC to suffer Rs 84.41 crore loss due to SEWA-II plant shutdown. The difference arises when the plant is run at less than full capacity, in which case the capacity factor is less than the availability factor. Utilizing hydraulic energy from the flow of a river or stream, the Noria utilized buckets to transfer water to troughs, viaducts and other distribution devices to irrigate fi… Availability. Occasions where only partial capacity is available may or may not be deducted. The difference arises wh… What is 'availability factor'? Plant capacity factor - MCQs with answers Q1.
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